#lang sicp
(#%require (only racket/base print-as-expression print-mpair-curly-braces))
(print-as-expression #f)
(print-mpair-curly-braces #f)

;; Chapter 5
;; Computing with Register Machines

;; 5.2
;; A Register-Machine Simulator

#| 5.7 |#

(#%provide expt-controller)
(define expt-controller
  '(controller
      (assign continue (label expt-done))
    expt-loop
      (test (op =) (reg n) (const 0))
      (branch (label base-case))
      (save continue)
      (save n)
      (assign n (op -) (reg n) (const 1))
      (assign continue (label after-expt))
      (goto (label expt-loop))
    after-expt
      (restore n)
      (restore continue)
      (assign val (op *) (reg b) (reg val))
      (goto (reg continue))
    base-case
      (assign val (const 1))
      (goto (reg continue))
    expt-done))

(#%provide expt-iter-controller)
(define expt-iter-controller
  '(controller
      (assign counter (reg n))
      (assign product (const 1))
    test-counter
      (test (op =) (reg counter) (const 0))
      (branch (label expt-done))
      (assign counter (op -) (reg counter) (const 1))
      (assign product (op *) (reg b) (reg product))
      (goto (label test-counter))
    expt-done))

(#%provide test-expt)
(define (test-expt)
  (let
    ((expt-machine
      (make-machine
        '(n b val continue)
        (list (list '- -) (list '* *) (list '= =))
        expt-controller)))
    (set-register-contents! expt-machine 'b 5)
    (set-register-contents! expt-machine 'n 4)
    (start expt-machine)
    (get-register-contents expt-machine 'val)))

(#%provide test-expt-iter)
(define (test-expt-iter)
  (let
    ((expt-machine
      (make-machine
        '(n b product counter)
        (list (list '- -) (list '* *) (list '= =))
        expt-iter-controller)))
    (set-register-contents! expt-machine 'b 10)
    (set-register-contents! expt-machine 'n 4)
    (start expt-machine)
    (get-register-contents expt-machine 'product)))

;; The Machine Model

(#%provide make-register)
(define (make-register name)
  (let ((contents '*unassigned*))
    (define (dispatch message)
      (cond
        ((eq? message 'get) contents)
        ((eq? message 'set)
         (lambda (value) (set! contents value)))
        (else
         (error "Unknown request -- REGISTER" message))))
    dispatch))

(#%provide get-contents)
(define (get-contents register)
  (register 'get))

(#%provide set-contents!)
(define (set-contents! register value)
  ((register 'set) value))

(#%provide make-stack)
(define (make-stack)
  (let ((s '()))
    (define (push x)
      (set! s (cons x s)))
    (define (pop)
      (if (null? s)
        (error "Empty stack -- POP")
        (let ((top (car s)))
          (set! s (cdr s))
          top)))
    (define (initialize)
      (set! s '())
      'done)
    (define (dispatch message)
      (cond
        ((eq? message 'push) push)
        ((eq? message 'pop) (pop))
        ((eq? message 'initialize) (initialize))
        (else (error "Unknown request -- STACK" message))))
    dispatch))

(#%provide pop)
(define (pop stack)
  (stack 'pop))

(#%provide push)
(define (push stack value)
  ((stack 'push) value))

(define (make-instruction text)
  (cons text '()))

(define (instruction-text inst)
  (car inst))

(define (instruction-execution-proc inst)
  (cdr inst))

(define (set-instruction-execution-proc! inst proc)
  (set-cdr! inst proc))

(#%provide make-new-machine)
(define (make-new-machine)
  (let
    ((pc (make-register 'pc))
     (flag (make-register 'flag))
     (stack (make-stack))
     (the-instruction-sequence '()))
    (let
      ((the-ops
        (list
          (list
            'initialize-stack
            (lambda () (stack 'initialize)))))
       (register-table
         (list (list 'pc pc) (list 'flag flag))))
      (define (allocate-register name)
        (if (assoc name register-table)
          (error "Multiply-defined register: " name)
          (set! register-table
            (cons
              (list name (make-register name))
              register-table)))
        'register-allocated)
      (define (lookup-register name)
        (let ((val (assoc name register-table)))
          (if val
            (cadr val)
            (error "Unknown register:" name))))
      (define (execute)
        (let ((insts (get-contents pc)))
          (if (null? insts)
            'done
            (begin
              ((instruction-execution-proc (car insts)))
              (execute)))))
      (define (dispatch message)
        (cond
          ((eq? message 'start)
           (set-contents! pc the-instruction-sequence)
           (execute))
          ((eq? message 'install-instruction-sequence)
           (lambda (seq) (set! the-instruction-sequence seq)))
          ((eq? message 'allocate-register) allocate-register)
          ((eq? message 'get-register) lookup-register)
          ((eq? message 'install-operations)
           (lambda (ops) (set! the-ops (append the-ops ops))))
          ((eq? message 'stack) stack)
          ((eq? message 'operations) the-ops)
          (else (error "Unknown request -- MACHINE" message))))
      dispatch)))

(#%provide start)
(define (start machine)
  (machine 'start))

(define (get-register machine reg-name)
  ((machine 'get-register) reg-name))

(#%provide get-register-contents)
(define (get-register-contents machine register-name)
  (get-contents (get-register machine register-name)))

(#%provide set-register-contents!)
(define (set-register-contents! machine register-name value)
  (set-contents! (get-register machine register-name) value)
  'done)

(#%provide make-machine)
(define (make-machine register-names ops controller-text)
  (let ((machine (make-new-machine)))
    (for-each
      (lambda (register-name)
        ((machine 'allocate-register) register-name))
      register-names)
    ((machine 'install-operations) ops)
    ((machine 'install-instruction-sequence)
     (assemble controller-text machine))
    machine))

;; The Assembler

(define (make-label-entry label-name insts)
  (cons label-name insts))

(#%provide lookup-label)
(define (lookup-label labels label-name)
  (let ((val (assoc label-name labels)))
    (if val
      (cdr val)
      (error "Undefined label -- ASSEMBLE" label-name))))

(#%provide extract-labels)
(define (extract-labels text receive)
  (if (null? text)
    (receive '() '())
    (extract-labels
      (cdr text)
      (lambda (insts labels)
        (let ((next-inst (car text)))
          (if (symbol? next-inst)
            (if (assoc next-inst labels)
              (error "Duplicate label -- ASSEMBLE" next-inst)
              (receive
                insts
                (cons
                  (make-label-entry next-inst insts)
                  labels)))
            (receive
              (cons
                (make-instruction next-inst)
                insts)
              labels)))))))

(define (update-insts! insts labels machine)
  (let
    ((pc (get-register machine 'pc))
     (flag (get-register machine 'flag))
     (stack (machine 'stack))
     (ops (machine 'operations)))
    (for-each
      (lambda (inst)
        (set-instruction-execution-proc!
          inst
          (make-execution-procedure
            (instruction-text inst)
            labels
            machine
            pc
            flag
            stack
            ops)))
      insts)))

(define (assemble controller-text machine)
  (extract-labels
    controller-text
    (lambda (insts labels)
      (update-insts! insts labels machine)
      insts)))

#| 5.8 |#

(#%provide ambiguous-labels)
(define ambiguous-labels
  '(start
      (goto (label here))
    here
      (assign a (const 3))
      (goto (label there))
    here
      (assign a (const 4))
      (goto (label there))
    there))

#| (if (assoc next-inst labels) |#
#|   (error "Duplicate label -- ASSEMBLE" next-inst) |#
#|   (receive |#
#|     insts |#
#|     (cons |#
#|       (make-label-entry next-inst insts) |#
#|       labels))) |#

;; Generating Execution Procedures for Instructions

(define (make-execution-procedure
          inst
          labels
          machine
          pc
          flag
          stack
          ops)
  (cond
    ((eq? (car inst) 'assign)
     (make-assign inst machine labels ops pc))
    ((eq? (car inst) 'test)
     (make-test inst machine labels ops flag pc))
    ((eq? (car inst) 'branch)
     (make-branch inst machine labels flag pc))
    ((eq? (car inst) 'goto)
     (make-goto inst machine labels pc))
    ((eq? (car inst) 'save)
     (make-save inst machine stack pc))
    ((eq? (car inst) 'restore)
     (make-restore inst machine stack pc))
    ((eq? (car inst) 'perform)
     (make-perform inst machine labels ops pc))
    (else
      (error "Unknown instruction type -- ASSEMBLE" inst))))

(define (make-assign inst machine labels operations pc)
  (let
    ((target
      (get-register machine (assign-reg-name inst)))
     (value-exp (assign-value-exp inst)))
    (let
      ((value-proc
        (if (operation-exp? value-exp)
          (make-operation-exp
            value-exp
            machine
            labels
            operations)
          (make-primitive-exp
            (car value-exp)
            machine
            labels))))
      (lambda ()
        (set-contents! target (value-proc))
        (advance-pc pc)))))

(define (assign-reg-name assign-instruction)
  (cadr assign-instruction))

(define (assign-value-exp assign-instruction)
  (cddr assign-instruction))

(define (advance-pc pc)
  (set-contents! pc (cdr (get-contents pc))))

(define (make-test inst machine labels operations flag pc)
  (let ((condition (test-condition inst)))
    (if (operation-exp? condition)
      (let
        ((condition-proc
          (make-operation-exp
            condition
            machine
            labels
            operations)))
        (lambda ()
          (set-contents! flag (condition-proc))
          (advance-pc pc)))
      (error "Bad TEST instruction -- ASSEMBLE" inst))))

(define (test-condition test-instruction)
  (cdr test-instruction))

(define (make-branch inst machine labels flag pc)
  (let ((dest (branch-dest inst)))
    (if (label-exp? dest)
      (let ((insts (lookup-label labels (label-exp-label dest))))
        (lambda ()
          (if (get-contents flag)
            (set-contents! pc insts)
            (advance-pc pc))))
      (error "Bad BRANCH instruction -- ASSEMBLE" inst))))

(define (branch-dest branch-instruction)
  (cadr branch-instruction))

(define (make-goto inst machine labels pc)
  (let ((dest (goto-dest inst)))
    (cond
      ((label-exp? dest)
       (let
         ((insts (lookup-label labels (label-exp-label dest))))
         (lambda () (set-contents! pc insts))))
      ((register-exp? dest)
       (let
         ((reg (get-register machine (register-exp-reg dest))))
         (lambda () (set-contents! pc (get-contents reg)))))
      (else (error "Bad GOTO instruction -- ASSEMBLE" inst)))))

(define (goto-dest goto-instruction)
  (cadr goto-instruction))

(define (make-save inst machine stack pc)
  (let
    ((reg
      (get-register
        machine
        (stack-inst-reg-name inst))))
    (lambda ()
      (push stack (get-contents reg))
      (advance-pc pc))))

(define (make-restore inst machine stack pc)
  (let
    ((reg
      (get-register
        machine
        (stack-inst-reg-name inst))))
    (lambda ()
      (set-contents! reg (pop stack))
      (advance-pc pc))))

(define (stack-inst-reg-name stack-instruction)
  (cadr stack-instruction))

(define (make-perform inst machine labels operations pc)
  (let ((action (perform-action inst)))
    (if (operation-exp? action)
      (let
        ((action-proc
          (make-operation-exp
            action
            machine
            labels
            operations)))
        (lambda ()
          (action-proc)
          (advance-pc pc)))
      (error "Bad PERFORM instruction -- ASSEMBLE" inst))))

(define (perform-action inst) (cdr inst))

(define (make-primitive-exp exp machine labels)
  (cond
    ((constant-exp? exp)
     (let ((c (constant-exp-value exp)))
       (lambda () c)))
    ((label-exp? exp)
     (let ((insts (lookup-label labels (label-exp-label exp))))
       (lambda () insts)))
    ((register-exp? exp)
     (let ((r (get-register machine (register-exp-reg exp))))
       (lambda () (get-contents r))))
    (else
     (error "Unknown expression type -- ASSEMBLE" exp))))

(define (tagged-list? exp tag)
  (if (pair? exp)
    (eq? (car exp) tag)
    false))

(define (register-exp? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'reg))

(define (register-exp-reg exp) (cadr exp))

(define (constant-exp? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'const))

(define (constant-exp-value exp) (cadr exp))

(define (label-exp? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'label))

(define (label-exp-label exp) (cadr exp))

(define (make-operation-exp exp machine labels operations)
  (let
    ((op (lookup-prim (operation-exp-op exp) operations))
     (aprocs
      (map
        (lambda (e)
          (make-primitive-exp e machine labels))
        (operation-exp-operands exp))))
    (lambda ()
      (apply op (map (lambda (p) (p)) aprocs)))))

(define (operation-exp? exp)
  (and (pair? exp) (tagged-list? (car exp) 'op)))

(define (operation-exp-op operation-exp)
  (cadr (car operation-exp)))

(define (operation-exp-operands operation-exp)
  (cdr operation-exp))

(define (lookup-prim symbol operations)
  (let ((val (assoc symbol operations)))
    (if val
      (cadr val)
      (error "Unknown operation -- ASSEMBLE" symbol))))

#| 5.9 |#
#| 5.10 |#
#| 5.11 |#
#| 5.12 |#
#| 5.13 |#

;; Monitoring Machine Performance

#| 5.14 |#
#| 5.15 |#
#| 5.16 |#
#| 5.17 |#
#| 5.18 |#
#| 5.19 |#